Sources & bibliography

Content version gemmology-knowledge v1.3.0

This page lists every peer-reviewed article, book, standard, and vetted online reference cited across the learn section of gemmology.dev. All factual claims in those articles -- numerical data, optical constants, crystal properties, and identification criteria -- are traceable to one or more entries below. DOIs link to the authoritative record via doi.org; ISBNs link to the WorldCat catalogue. Each entry shows which learn articles cite it so you can trace a claim back to its source.

Journal articles

  1. (1949). Chelsea Colour Filter. Journal of Gemmology, 2(2), 62. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1949.2.2.62.

    Cited in: Chelsea Colour Filter

  2. Abduriyim, A.; Kitawaki, H.; Furuya, M.; Schwarz, D. (2006). "Paraíba"-Type Copper-Bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique: Chemical Fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS. Gems & Gemology, 42(1), 4–21. DOI: 10.5741/gems.42.1.4.

    Cited in: Tourmaline Group

  3. Adamo, I. (2008). Aquamarine, Maxixe-Type Beryl, and Hydrothermal Synthetic Blue Beryl: Analysis and Identification. Gems & Gemology, 44(3). DOI: 10.5741/gems.44.3.214.

    Cited in: Colour Theory in Gemmology

  4. Anderson, B. (1966). Chromium as a Criterion for Emerald. Journal of Gemmology, 10(2), 41–45. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1966.10.2.41.

    Cited in: Chelsea Colour Filter

  5. Anderson, K.; Botto, R. (1992). The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites. Organic Geochemistry, 18(6), 829–841. DOI: 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90051-x.

    Cited in: Amber

  6. Arif, M.; Moon, C. (2007). Nickel-rich chromian muscovite from the Indus suture ophiolite, NW Pakistan. Geochemical Journal, 41, 475–482. DOI: 10.2343/geochemj.41.475.

    Cited in: Swat Valley Emerald — Pakistan · Pakistan — Gem Origins Overview

  7. Ashbaugh, C. (1988). Gemstone Irradiation and Radioactivity. Gems & Gemology, 24(4), 196–213. DOI: 10.5741/gems.24.4.196.

    Cited in: Topaz

  8. Banerjee, A.; Wenzel, T. (1999). Black opal from Honduras. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11(2), 401–408. DOI: 10.1127/ejm/11/2/0401.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  9. Belley, P. (2024). Age Determination of Gem-Quality Green Vanadium Grossular (Var. Tsavorite) from the Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Mozambique Belt, Kenya and Tanzania. Crystals, 15(1), 9. DOI: 10.3390/cryst15010009.

    Cited in: Garnet Group

  10. Bexfield, C. (2020). Cobalt Glass-Filled Sapphires and the Chelsea Colour Filter: A New Technique. Journal of Gemmology, 37(4), 357–358. DOI: 10.15506/jog.2020.37.4.357.

    Cited in: Chelsea Colour Filter

  11. Bowersox, G.; Foord, E.; Laurs, B. (1991). Emeralds of the Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, 27(1), 26–39. DOI: 10.5741/gems.27.1.26.

    Cited in: Panjshir Emerald – Afghanistan

  12. Breeding, C.; Shigley, J. (2009). The 'Type' Classification System of Diamonds and Its Importance in Gemology. Gems & Gemology, 45(2), 96–111. DOI: 10.5741/gems.45.2.96.

    Cited in: Advanced Laboratory Instruments · Diamond Screening Instruments · The Spectroscope · The UV Lamp

  13. Breeding, C.; Shigley, J. (2009). The "Type" Classification System of Diamonds and Its Importance in Gemology. Gems & Gemology, 45(2), 96–111. DOI: 10.5741/gems.45.2.96.

    Cited in: Diamond · HPHT Diamond Treatment — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  14. Chapin, M.; Pardieu, V.; Lucas, A. (2015). Mozambique: A Ruby Discovery for the 21st Century. Gems & Gemology, 51(1), 44–54. DOI: 10.5741/gems.51.1.44.

    Cited in: Mozambique — Montepuez Ruby and Paraíba Tourmaline

  15. Chauviré, B. (2015). Blue Spinel from the Luc Yen District of Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 51(1), 2–17. DOI: 10.5741/gems.51.1.2.

    Cited in: Vietnam — Luc Yen Ruby and Cobalt-Blue Spinel

  16. Da Costa, G.; Sabioni, A.; Ferreira, A. (2000). Imperial topaz from Ouro Preto, Brazil. Journal of Gemmology, 27(3). DOI: 10.15506/jog.2000.27.3.133.

    Cited in: Brazil — Imperial Topaz and Emerald Sub-distinctions

  17. Delaunay, A. (2024). A new FTIR absorption band for identifying heat-treated metamorphic-type blue sapphires. Journal of Gemmology, 39(1), 33–46. DOI: 10.15506/jog.2024.39.1.33.

    Cited in: Treatment Disclosure & Ethics

  18. Du, X.; Hainschwang, T. (2010). X-Ray Computed Microtomography: Distinguishing Natural Pearls from Beaded and Non-Beaded Cultured Pearls. Gems & Gemology, 46(2), 128–134. DOI: 10.5741/gems.46.2.128.

    Cited in: Pearl

  19. Dubinsky, E. (2020). A Quantitative Description of the Causes of Color in Corundum. Gems & Gemology, 56(1). DOI: 10.5741/gems.56.1.2.

    Cited in: Chemical Properties · Colour Theory in Gemmology · Advanced Optical Properties · Optical Properties

  20. Eaton-Magaña, S. (2017). An Introduction to CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, 53(3). DOI: 10.5741/gems.53.3.262.

    Cited in: Synthetic Gemstones · Gemstone Treatments · CVD Diamond Detection — Deep Diagnostic Reference · HPHT Diamond Treatment — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  21. Emmett, J.; Douthit, T. (1993). Heat Treating the Sapphires of Rock Creek, Montana. Gems & Gemology, 29(4), 250–272. DOI: 10.5741/gems.29.4.250.

    Cited in: Sri Lankan (Ceylon) Gems

  22. Emmett, J.; Scarratt, K. (2003). Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, 39(2), 84–135. DOI: 10.5741/gems.39.2.84.

    Cited in: Advanced Laboratory Instruments · Gemstone Treatments · Laboratory Reports · Beryllium Diffusion — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  23. Emmett, J.; Scarratt, K.; McClure, S.; Moses, T.; Douthit, T.; Hughes, R.; Novak, S.; Shigley, J.; Wang, W.; Bordelon, O.; Kane, R. (2003). Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, 39(2), 84–135. DOI: 10.5741/gems.39.2.84.

    Cited in: Corundum

  24. Emmett, J. (2023). Beryllium Diffusion and the Hole Chromophore in Corundum. Gems & Gemology, 59(3). DOI: 10.5741/gems.59.3.268.

    Cited in: Beryllium Diffusion — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  25. Farrimond, T. (1994). Hydrostatic measurement of specific gravity. Journal of Gemmology, 24(3), 161–163. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1994.24.3.161.

    Cited in: Specific Gravity Measurement

  26. Fisher, D.; Spits, R. (2000). Spectroscopic Evidence of GE POL HPHT-Treated Natural Type IIa Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, 36(1). DOI: 10.5741/gems.36.1.42.

    Cited in: Gemstone Treatments · Diamond · Natural vs Synthetic Indicators · HPHT Diamond Treatment — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  27. Fritsch, E.; Rossman, G. (1987). An Update on Color in Gems. Part 1. Gems & Gemology, 23(3), 126–139. DOI: 10.5741/gems.23.3.126.

    Cited in: The Spectroscope

  28. Fritsch, E.; Rossman, G. (1987). An Update on Color in Gems. Part 1: Introduction and Colors Caused by Dispersed Metal Ions. Gems & Gemology, 23(3), 126–139. DOI: 10.5741/gems.23.3.126.

    Cited in: Beryl · Chrysoberyl · Corundum · Feldspar Group · Garnet Group · Olivine (Peridot) · Pyroxene Group · Spinel · Tourmaline Group

  29. Fritsch, E.; Rossman, G. (1988). An Update on Color in Gems. Part 2: Colors Involving Multiple Atoms and Color Centers. Gems & Gemology, 24(1), 3–15. DOI: 10.5741/gems.24.1.3.

    Cited in: Corundum · Diamond · Quartz

  30. Fritsch, E.; Rossman, G. (1988). An Update on Color in Gems. Part 3: Colors Caused By Band Gaps and Physical Phenomena. Gems & Gemology, 24(2), 81–102. DOI: 10.5741/gems.24.2.81.

    Cited in: Diamond · Feldspar Group · Quartz

  31. Giuliani, G. (2015). Fluid inclusions in ruby from Asian marble deposits. European Journal of Mineralogy. DOI: 10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2442.

    Cited in: Cambodia — Pailin Sapphire and Battambang Ruby

  32. Giuliani, G.; Fallick, A.; Rakotondrazafy, M. (2015). Fluid inclusions in ruby from Asian marble deposits. European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 441–455. DOI: 10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2442.

    Cited in: Afghanistan — Gem Origins Overview · Hunza Ruby — Pakistan

  33. Giuliani, G.; Groat, L. (2019). Geology of Corundum and Emerald Gem Deposits: A Review. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 464–489. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.464.

    Cited in: Beryl · Corundum

  34. Gübelin, E.; Graziani, G.; Kazmi, A. (1986). Pink Topaz from Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, 22(3), 140–148. DOI: 10.5741/gems.22.3.140.

    Cited in: Katlang Pink Topaz — Pakistan

  35. Guo, Y.; Renfro, N.; Sanchez-Garrido, C. (2020). Inclusion and Trace Element Characteristics of Emeralds from Swat Valley, Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, 56(3), 336–359. DOI: 10.5741/gems.56.3.336.

    Cited in: Swat Valley Emerald — Pakistan

  36. Hainschwang, T. (2012). Photoluminescence at 77K in treated diamond. Gems & Gemology, 48(4). DOI: 10.5741/gems.48.4.252.

    Cited in: Colour Theory in Gemmology

  37. Henn, U. (2021). Synthetic Moissanite Testing as 'Diamond' Using Diamond Testers. Journal of Gemmology, 37(8), 778–779. DOI: 10.15506/jog.2021.37.8.778.

    Cited in: Diamond Screening Instruments · Other Testing Tools

  38. Herrmann, J. (2022). On the Origin of 'Crazing' (Cracking) in Opal. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4241788.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  39. Hoover, D. (2008). Magnetic susceptibility, a better approach to defining garnets. The Journal of Gemmology, 31(3). DOI: 10.15506/jog.2008.31.3.91.

    Cited in: Physical Properties

  40. Hoover, D. (2011). Determining Garnet Composition From Magnetic Susceptibility And Other Properties. Gems & Gemology, 47(4). DOI: 10.5741/gems.47.4.272.

    Cited in: Physical Properties

  41. Hughes, R.; Galibert, O.; Bosshart, G.; Ward, F.; Oo, T.; Smith, C.; Sun, T.; Harlow, G. (2000). Burmese Jade: The Inscrutable Gem. Gems & Gemology, 36(1), 2–26. DOI: 10.5741/gems.36.1.2.

    Cited in: Pyroxene Group

  42. Johnson, M.; Elen, S.; Muhlmeister, S. (1999). On the Identification of Various Emerald Filling Substances. Gems & Gemology, 35(2), 82–107. DOI: 10.5741/gems.35.2.82.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  43. Kammerling, R.; Koivula, J.; Kane, R.; Maddison, E.; Shigley, J.; Fritsch, E. (1991). Fracture Filling of Emeralds: Opticon and Traditional "Oils". Gems & Gemology, 27(2), 70–85. DOI: 10.5741/gems.27.2.70.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability · Beryl

  44. Kammerling, R. (1991). An Investigation of Emeralds from the Sandawana Mine, Zimbabwe. Gems & Gemology, 27(2). DOI: 10.5741/gems.27.2.70.

    Cited in: Gemstone Treatments · Grading and Valuation · Colombian Emerald · Feathers & Fingerprints

  45. Kane, R. (1990). Sapphire from Chanthaburi/Trat, Thailand. Gems & Gemology, 26(2). DOI: 10.5741/gems.26.2.115.

    Cited in: Gemstone Treatments · Silk & Needle Inclusions

  46. Kane, R. (1991). Rubies and Fancy Sapphires from Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 27(3), 136–155. DOI: 10.5741/gems.27.3.136.

    Cited in: Vietnam — Luc Yen Ruby and Cobalt-Blue Spinel

  47. Karampelas, S. (2019). Gem-quality minerals: a review. Minerals, 9(9). DOI: 10.3390/min9090561.

    Cited in: The Spectroscope

  48. Karampelas, S.; Hauzenberger, C.; Peucat, J.; Fritsch, E. (2019). Emeralds from the Most Important Occurrences Worldwide: Chemical Fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS. Minerals, 9(9), 561. DOI: 10.3390/min9090561.

    Cited in: Brazil — Imperial Topaz and Emerald Sub-distinctions · Colombian Emerald Mines — Sub-Distinctions · Zimbabwe — Sandawana Emerald and Marange Diamond · Zambian Emerald

  49. Karampelas, S.; Al-Shaybani, B.; Mohamed, F. (2019). Emeralds from the Most Important Occurrences: Chemical and Spectroscopic Data. Minerals, 9(9), 561. DOI: 10.3390/min9090561.

    Cited in: Panjshir Emerald – Afghanistan · Ural Emerald — Malyshevsky, Russia

  50. Kasipathi, P. (1996). Chrysoberyl from Visakhapatnam and East Godavari Districts, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 48(4). DOI: 10.17491/jgsi/1996/480412.

    Cited in: India – Alexandrite, Diamond (Panna), and Garnet

  51. Katsurada, Y. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Paraíba-Type Tourmaline. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 648–659. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.648.

    Cited in: Mozambique — Montepuez Ruby and Paraíba Tourmaline

  52. Keller, P. (1982). The Chanthaburi-Trat Gem Field, Thailand. Gems & Gemology, 18(4), 186–196. DOI: 10.5741/gems.18.4.186.

    Cited in: Cambodia — Pailin Sapphire and Battambang Ruby · Thailand – Gem Origins Overview · Thai Blue Zircon – Heat-Treatment Hub

  53. Keller, P. (1983). The Rubies of Burma: A Review of the Mogok Stone Tract. Gems & Gemology, 19(4), 209–219. DOI: 10.5741/gems.19.4.209.

    Cited in: Asterism (Star Effect)

  54. Khamloet, P.; Pisutha-Arnond, V.; Sutthirat, C. (2014). Mineral inclusions in sapphire from the basalt-related deposit in Bo Phloi, Kanchanaburi, western Thailand. Russian Geology and Geophysics. DOI: 10.1016/j.rgg.2014.08.004.

    Cited in: Thai Sapphire – Bo Phloi and Kanchanaburi Types

  55. Kiefert, L.; Hardy, G. (1999). Identification of filler substances in emerald gemstones by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Gemmology, 26(8), 501–520. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1999.26.8.501.

    Cited in: Advanced Laboratory Instruments

  56. Kissin, A.; Murzin, V.; Karaseva, O. (2021). 'Horsetail' Inclusions in the Ural Demantoids: Growth Formations, Not Chrysotile. Minerals, 11(8), 825. DOI: 10.3390/min11080825.

    Cited in: Rare Madagascar Gems · Russian Demantoid Garnet — Ural Mountains

  57. Koivula, J. (1981). San Carlos Peridot. Gems & Gemology, 17(4), 205–215. DOI: 10.5741/gems.17.4.205.

    Cited in: USA – Gem Origins Overview

  58. Kovalchuk, O. (2021). "Horsetail" Inclusions in the Ural Demantoids: Growth Formations. Minerals, 11(8), 825. DOI: 10.3390/min11080825.

    Cited in: Garnet Group

  59. Krebs, M. (2020). Expanding the Trace Element Suite for Ruby Origin Determination. Minerals, 10(5), 447. DOI: 10.3390/min10050447.

    Cited in: Mozambique — Montepuez Ruby and Paraíba Tourmaline

  60. Krebs, M.; Pearson, D.; Stern, R.; Böttcher, M. (2020). An expanded trace element and Sr–Pb isotope study of ruby and sapphire geographic origins. Minerals, 10(5), 447. DOI: 10.3390/min10050447.

    Cited in: Montana Sapphire — Yogo Gulch, Rock Creek, Missouri River

  61. Krzemnicki, M. (1999). Diopside needles as inclusions in demantoid garnet from Russia. Gems & Gemology, 35(4), 192–195. DOI: 10.5741/gems.35.4.192.

    Cited in: Russian Demantoid Garnet — Ural Mountains

  62. Laskovenkov, A.; Zhernakov, V. (1995). The Ural Emerald Mines. Gems & Gemology, 31(2), 106–115. DOI: 10.5741/gems.31.2.106.

    Cited in: Ural Emerald — Malyshevsky, Russia

  63. Le Thi-Thu Huong (2012). Gemstones from Vietnam: An Update. Gems & Gemology, 48(3), 158–176. DOI: 10.5741/gems.48.3.158.

    Cited in: Vietnam — Luc Yen Ruby and Cobalt-Blue Spinel

  64. Lim, H. (2010). Discrimination of natural and HPHT-treated Type IIa diamonds by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Diamond and Related Materials, 19(10), 1254–1258. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2010.06.007.

    Cited in: Advanced Laboratory Instruments

  65. Liu, Y. (2022). Color Mechanism and Spectroscopic Thermal Variation of Pink Spinel from Kuh-i-Lal, Tajikistan. Gems & Gemology, 58(3), 338–354. DOI: 10.5741/gems.58.3.338.

    Cited in: Tajikistan – Kuh-i-Lal Spinel (Balas Ruby)

  66. Lo Giudice, A.; Angelici, D.; Re, A. (2016). Protocol for lapis lazuli provenance determination: evidence for Afghan origin. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-016-0430-0.

    Cited in: Lapis Lazuli — Sar-e-Sang, Afghanistan

  67. Malsy, A.; Klemm, L. (2010). Distinction of Gem Spinels from the Himalayan Mountain Belt. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 64(10), 741–745. DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2010.741.

    Cited in: Tajikistan – Kuh-i-Lal Spinel (Balas Ruby)

  68. Martineau, P. (2004). Identification of Synthetic Diamond Grown Using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Gems & Gemology, 40(1). DOI: 10.5741/gems.40.1.2.

    Cited in: Synthetic Gemstones · Gemstone Treatments · Natural vs Synthetic Indicators · CVD Diamond Detection — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  69. McClure, S.; Smith, C.; Wang, W.; Hall, M. (2006). Identification and Durability of Lead Glass–Filled Rubies. Gems & Gemology, 42(1), 22–34. DOI: 10.5741/gems.42.1.22.

    Cited in: Treatment Disclosure & Ethics · Gemstone Treatments · Lead Glass-Filled Ruby — Deep Diagnostic Reference

  70. Miura, Y.; Tomisaka, T.; Kato, A. (1975). Labradorescence and the ideal behavior of thicknesses of alternate lamellae in the Bøggild intergrowth. Mineralogical Journal, 7(6), 526–541. DOI: 10.2465/minerj1953.7.526.

    Cited in: Labradorescence

  71. Munsterman, D.; Kerstholt, S. (1996). Sodium polytungstate, a new non-toxic alternative to bromoform in heavy liquid separation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 91, 417–422. DOI: 10.1016/0034-6667(95)00093-3.

    Cited in: Specific Gravity Measurement

  72. Nassau, K.; Prescott, B. (1977). Smoky, blue, greenish yellow, and other irradiation-related colors in quartz. Mineralogical Magazine, 41(319). DOI: 10.1180/minmag.1977.041.319.01.

    Cited in: Colour Theory in Gemmology

  73. Nassau, K. (1981). Artificially Induced Color in Amethyst-Citrine Quartz. Gems & Gemology, 17(1), 37–44. DOI: 10.5741/gems.17.1.37.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  74. Nassau, K. (1981). Raman Spectroscopy as a Gemstone Test. Journal of Gemmology, 17(5), 306–320. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1981.17.5.306.

    Cited in: Advanced Laboratory Instruments

  75. Nassau, K. (1981). Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire: Technical Aspects. Gems & Gemology, 17(3). DOI: 10.5741/gems.17.3.121.

    Cited in: Gemstone Treatments · Silk & Needle Inclusions · Solid Inclusions

  76. Nassau, K. (1981). Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire: Technical Aspects. Gems & Gemology, 17(3), 121–131. DOI: 10.5741/gems.17.3.121.

    Cited in: Corundum

  77. Nassau, K.; Valente, G. (1987). The Seven Types of Yellow Sapphire and their Stability to Light. Gems & Gemology, 23(4), 222–231. DOI: 10.5741/gems.23.4.222.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  78. Nassau, K. (1994). More on the antiquity of emerald oiling. The Journal of Gemmology, 24(2), 109–115. DOI: 10.15506/jog.1994.24.2.109.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  79. Newton, R. (1965). The Thermal Stability of Zoisite. The Journal of Geology, 73(3). DOI: 10.1086/627075.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  80. Nicol, L.; Giuliani, G.; Ulianov, A. (2022). Pressure-Temperature-Fluid Constraints for the Halo-Shakiso Emerald Deposit, Ethiopia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 60(3), 417–438. DOI: 10.3749/canmin.2000069.

    Cited in: Ethiopia — Wollo Opal and Shakiso Emerald

  81. O'Donoghue, M. (1971). Trapiche Emerald. Journal of Gemmology, 12(8). DOI: 10.15506/jog.1971.12.8.329.

    Cited in: Colombian Emerald Mines — Sub-Distinctions

  82. Palke, A.; Renfro, N.; Berg, R. (2018). A common origin for Thai/Cambodian rubies and blue and violet sapphires from Yogo Gulch, Montana, USA. American Mineralogist. DOI: 10.2138/am-2018-6164.

    Cited in: Montana Sapphire — Yogo Gulch, Rock Creek, Missouri River

  83. Palke, A.; Saeseaw, S.; Renfro, N.; Sun, Z.; McClure, S. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Blue Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 536–579. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.536.

    Cited in: Cambodia — Pailin Sapphire and Battambang Ruby · Sri Lankan (Ceylon) Gems · Kashmir Sapphire · Origin Determination Overview · Australian Sapphire · Burmese Sapphire · Madagascar Gems - Overview · Madagascar Sapphire · Thai Sapphire – Bo Phloi and Kanchanaburi Types

  84. Palke, A.; Renfro, N.; Berg, R. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 580–612. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.580.

    Cited in: Mozambique — Montepuez Ruby and Paraíba Tourmaline · Origin Determination Overview · Burmese Ruby · East African Ruby · East African Gems - Overview · Madagascar Ruby · Hunza Ruby — Pakistan · Thai Ruby – Chanthaburi-Trat and Bo Rai Types

  85. Palke, A.; Saeseaw, S.; Renfro, N.; Sun, Z.; McClure, S. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Ruby. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 580–613. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.580.

    Cited in: Corundum

  86. Palke, A.; Saeseaw, S.; Renfro, N.; Sun, Z.; McClure, S. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Blue Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 536–579. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.536.

    Cited in: Corundum

  87. Palke, A.; Renfro, N.; Berg, R. (2019). Geographic Origin Determination of Alexandrite. Gems & Gemology, 55(4), 660–681. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.4.660.

    Cited in: Russian Alexandrite — Tokovaya District, Ural Mountains

  88. Pham Van Long (2018). Trace elements and oxygen isotopes of gem spinels from Luc Yen–An Phu, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(2). DOI: 10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/12241.

    Cited in: Vietnam — Luc Yen Ruby and Cobalt-Blue Spinel

  89. Phillips, M.; Talantsev, A. (1996). Russian Demantoid, Czar of the Garnet Family. Gems & Gemology, 32(2), 100–111. DOI: 10.5741/gems.32.2.100.

    Cited in: Garnet Group

  90. Phillips, M.; Hyrsl, J. (1996). Russian Demantoid, Czar of the Garnet Family. Gems & Gemology, 32(2), 100–111. DOI: 10.5741/gems.32.2.100.

    Cited in: Russian Demantoid Garnet — Ural Mountains

  91. Pignatelli, I.; Nespolo, M.; Pardieu, V. (2024). Basal twinning of Greenland corundum. Mineralogy and Petrology. DOI: 10.1007/s00710-024-00858-1.

    Cited in: Crystal Systems · Twin Laws in Gemmology

  92. Pluthametwisute, S.; Wanthanachaisaeng, B.; Saiyasombat, C.; Sutthirat, C. (2020). Cause of Color Modification in Tanzanite after Heat Treatment. Molecules, 25(16), 3743. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163743.

    Cited in: Zoisite

  93. Promwongnan, S.; Sutthirat, C. (2019). Mineral Inclusions in Ruby from Bo Welu, Chanthaburi, Thailand. Gems & Gemology, 55(3), 354–371. DOI: 10.5741/gems.55.3.354.

    Cited in: Thai Ruby – Chanthaburi-Trat and Bo Rai Types

  94. Qiu, Z.; Guo, Y. (2021). Explaining Colour Change in Pyrope-Spessartine Garnets. Minerals, 11(8), 865. DOI: 10.3390/min11080865.

    Cited in: Colour Change

  95. Rau, H. (2007). Panna Diamond Belt, Madhya Pradesh — A Critical Review. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 69(3). DOI: 10.17491/jgsi/2007/690306.

    Cited in: India – Alexandrite, Diamond (Panna), and Garnet

  96. Read, P. (1979). An Experimental Brewster-Angle Refractometer. The Journal of Gemmology, 16(8). DOI: 10.15506/jog.1979.16.8.537.

    Cited in: Physical Properties

  97. Read, P. (1988). Further development of the Brewster-angle refractometer. The Journal of Gemmology, 21(1). DOI: 10.15506/jog.1988.21.1.36.

    Cited in: Physical Properties

  98. Reller, A.; Wilde, W.; Wiedemann, H. (1993). Thermal reactivity of jadeite and nephrite. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 40. DOI: 10.1007/bf02546559.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability

  99. Renfro, N.; Palke, A.; Berg, R. (2018). Gemological Characterization of Sapphires from Yogo Gulch, Montana, USA. Gems & Gemology, 54(2), 184–202. DOI: 10.5741/gems.54.2.184.

    Cited in: Montana Sapphire — Yogo Gulch, Rock Creek, Missouri River

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    Cited in: Burmese Ruby · Burmese Gems - Overview · Burmese Sapphire · East African Ruby

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    Cited in: Chelsea Colour Filter · The Dichroscope · The Polariscope · Chemical Properties · Colour Theory in Gemmology · Advanced Crystallography · Advanced Optical Properties · Optical Properties · Twin Laws in Gemmology · Physical Properties · Adularescence · Chatoyancy (Cat's Eye Effect) · Iridescence · Play of Colour

  14. Read, P. (2012). Gemmology (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN: 9780750664493. DOI: 10.4324/9780080507224.

    Cited in: Gem Care and Durability · Grading and Valuation · Sri Lankan (Ceylon) Gems · Colombian Emerald · Amber · Amphibole Group (Nephrite) · Beryl · Chrysoberyl · Coral · Corundum · Diamond · Feldspar Group · Garnet Group · Jet · Olivine (Peridot) · Opal · Pearl · Pyroxene Group · Quartz · Spinel · Topaz · Tourmaline Group · Zircon · Zoisite

  15. Read, P. (2014). Gemmology (3 ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN: 978-0-08-050722-4. DOI: 10.4324/9780080507224.

    Cited in: Conoscopic Observation and Interference Figures · The Microscope · Other Testing Tools · The Dichroscope · The Polariscope · Gem Testing Equipment Overview · Specific Gravity Measurement · The Refractometer · The Spectroscope · The UV Lamp · Chemical Properties · Colour Theory in Gemmology · Crystal Systems · Advanced Crystallography · Optic Sign Determination · Advanced Optical Properties · Optical Properties · Twin Laws in Gemmology · Physical Properties · Adularescence · Asterism (Star Effect) · Aventurescence · Chatoyancy (Cat's Eye Effect) · Colour Change · Iridescence · Labradorescence · Optical Phenomena Overview · Play of Colour · Lapis Lazuli — Sar-e-Sang, Afghanistan · Queensland Boulder Opal · Lightning Ridge Black Opal · White Opal & Crystal Opal · Brazilian Aquamarine & Topaz · Brazilian Emerald · Brazilian Tourmaline · Burmese Jadeite · Burmese Spinel · Mahenge Spinel · Tanzanite · Tsavorite Garnet · Madagascar Beryl · Madagascar Sapphire · Katlang Pink Topaz — Pakistan · Russian Alexandrite — Tokovaya District, Ural Mountains · Thailand – Gem Origins Overview · Thai Blue Zircon – Heat-Treatment Hub

  16. Read, P. (2014). Gemmology (3rd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. DOI: 10.4324/9780080507224.

    Cited in: Composite Stones · Synthetic Gemstones · Feathers & Fingerprints · Growth Features · Fluid Inclusions · Natural vs Synthetic Indicators · Inclusions Overview · Surface Features

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    Cited in: Composite Stones · Solid Inclusions

  18. Schumann, W. (2009). Gemstones of the World (4th ed.). Sterling Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-4027-6829-3.

    Cited in: Sri Lankan (Ceylon) Gems

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    Cited in: Adularescence · Asterism (Star Effect) · Aventurescence · Chatoyancy (Cat's Eye Effect) · Colour Change · Iridescence · Labradorescence · Play of Colour · Argyle Diamonds · Queensland Boulder Opal · Lightning Ridge Black Opal · Australian Gems - Overview · Australian Sapphire · White Opal & Crystal Opal · Brazilian Aquamarine & Topaz · Brazilian Emerald · Brazilian Gems - Overview · Paraíba Tourmaline · Brazilian Tourmaline · Burmese Jadeite · Burmese Spinel · East African Gems - Overview · Mahenge Spinel · Tanzanite · Tsavorite Garnet · Madagascar Beryl · Madagascar Gems - Overview · Rare Madagascar Gems · Pakistan — Gem Origins Overview · Russian Alexandrite — Tokovaya District, Ural Mountains · Russia — Ural Gem Deposits Overview · USA – Gem Origins Overview

  20. Schumann, W. (2013). Gemstones of the World (5th ed.). Sterling Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-4027-6829-3.

    Cited in: Optical Properties · Physical Properties

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